En este artículo abordo los dos argumentos más frecuentemente aducidos en defensa del principio de composicionalidad y muestro que la versión de los mismos ofrecida por Fodor y Lepore malinterpreta la productividad y la sistematicidad de los lenguajes humanos; ello les conduce a una posición atomista y representacionalista acerca del significado y los conceptos. Defiendo que un enfoque pragmatista del lenguaje y el pensamiento no sólo es compatible con la composicionalidad, sino que ofrece una explicación más adecuada de la sistematicidad (...) y la productividad. (shrink)

Sin ningún afán polémico, el presente artículo aspira a presentar algunos rasgos de Menéndez Pelayo, que puedan legitimar su caracterización como filósofo ; faceta esta, quizá, la menos vistosa de este gran historiador y crítico, incansable lector y escritor fecundo. Rastreando sus obras más específicas sobre el particular, se expone su pensamiento al respecto, no solo para saber como entiende los conceptos filosóficos más básicos, sino también para ver la posibilidad de enmarcarlo en alguna corriente filosófica que admita su clasificación.

Francisco de Vitoria, no por su catalogación como teólogo, deja de ser auténtico filósofo; no por haber vivido en el siglo xvi, se encuentra desvinculado de la temática más candente de nuestra actualidad; no por vestir unos hábitos religiosos y vivirenmarcado en un régimen imperialista e inquisitorial, se encontró maniatado o coaccionado en sus ideas y pensamiento. En algunos puntos se encontró, incluso, más avanzado que nosotros mismos. Y. en todo caso, como asegura James Brown Scott, "la escuela moderna del (...) Derecho Internacional surgió a la vida" gracias a que hubo un "primero que expuso los principios que deberían regir"; y ése no es otro que Francisco de Vitoria. (shrink)

A pesar de que el nombre de Francisco de Vitoria no aparece en los tratados y autores del siglo xvm, no por eso su doctrina fue ignorada. Muy por el contrario, sus tesis, no obstante ser atribuidas a Hugo Grocio, son mantenidas y aceptadaspor autores tan importantes y destacados como Locke o Kant.The fact that the name of Francisco de Vitoria does not appear in the treatises and among the authors of the 18th century does not mean that his doctrine (...) was unknown. On the contrary, his thesis although credited to Grotius were known. On the contrary, his thesis although credited to Grotius were known and accepted by many important authors such as Locke or Kant. (shrink)

La doctrina de Vitoria con respecto a que los derechos humanos —naturales o «de gentes», no importa si al margen de la fe y el cristianismo—, están muy por encima del poder y la jurisdicción del Papa o el Emperador, se infiltré de tal forma en el modo de pensar posterior, que, a pesar de haber olvidado al propio Vitoria como su fundador o, al menos, su principal impulsor, prevaleció en la mente de los grandes pensadores posteriores y se va (...) viendo calcada tanto en la realidad histórica o las relaciones sociales de nuestro tiempo, como en la propia Constitución de las diferentes democracias actuales. (shrink)

In this paper we aim to defend a version of the thesis of “extended mind” against the criticism of some authors that consider that the “extracraneal” devices cannott acomplish the requirements that the components of mental processes must meet. We propose a quality of integration as a criterion to be a mental process, and we consider that, in some situations, external devices can be considered as meeting this criterion.

Background. The study of entrepreneurial activity has undergone intense development in recent decades. Traditionally this topic has been addressed from three approaches: economic, sociological and psychological. In the study of enterprising personality, two fundamental perspectives stand out: the use of general personality traits, like the Big Five, and the use of more specific traits related to entrepreneurial spirit, such as self-efficacy, autonomy, innovation, optimism, and others. The objective of this study is to provide validity evidence for a new instrument for (...) measuring eight specific dimensions of entrepreneurial personality (BEPE). Method. The sample was composed of 1,170 adults from the general population (59.9% women). The average age was 42.34 years with a standard deviation of 12.96. Of the sample, 13% were self-employed. Internal factorial structure and reliability of BEPE were examined. The relationships with other variables and the discriminative capacity of the BEPE between different groups of workers were analyzed. Results. First order factor analyses show the essential unidimensionality of each of the eight proposed sub-scales, with factorial weights ranging between 0.341 and 0.825. A second-order factor analysis was carried out, obtaining a general dimension of entrepreneurial personality. With regards to reliability, the eight BEPE sub-scales gave high alpha coefficient values, between 0.825 and 0.899, as did the total battery (0.97). BEPE sub-scales show a high canonical correlation with the Big Five personality factors (.795), and with the sub-scales of the Measure of Entrepreneurial Talents and Abilities questionnaire (.815). Conclusions. The BEPE questionnaire for the evaluation of the eight fundamental specific dimensions of the entrepreneurial personality presents adequate psychometric properties. Its relationships with other measures of personality traits are in line with what is expected. Therefore, the BEPE is a new measurement instrument that can be used with confidence both in the applied field and in research. (shrink)

El objetivo de este trabajo es reflexionar, a partir de algunos textos clave de Joseph Ratzinger, acerca de la relación que el cristianismo siempre ha tenido con la filosofía y con el tipo de racionalidad que se desarrolló en Occidente. El cristianismo nunca se ha asumido como una propuesta religiosa más, sino como "la verdad revelada". Desde sus orígenes ha tenido que convivir con múltiples ofertas religiosas y hoy en día no puede sustraerse a ello en un contexto marcado por (...) el pluralismo, como el de nuestra época. Esta condición le impele actualmente a reivindicar su carácter racional inherente y afrontar los desafíos que cierto irracionalismo de la cultura posmoderna le pone frente a sí. (shrink)

Después de los excesos y de las contradicciones a las que condujeron los diferentes humanismos que caracterizaron a la Modernidad, tanto ilustrada como tardía, el pensamiento contemporáneo ha caído en un pesimismo, hasta cierto punto justificado, respecto a las potencialidades emancipadoras y humanizadoras de la racionalidad autónoma y crítica que caracterizó a esa época. El pesimismo actual reniega del ser humano como valor y como ideal, también con cierta razón, abriendo el camino a una era antihumanista y posthumana. Desde el (...) punto de vista de la tradición cristiana se pretende recuperar el humanismo; no puede decirse que sea un nuevo humanismo pero sí uno originario. Lo que entenderemos aquí por humanismo cristiano es el resultado de la confluencia entre esas dos tradiciones que configuran el rostro de occidente,. Este debe ser un humanismo autocrítico, mesurado y autolimitado, que bajo el concepto de creaturalidad –y la contingencia que de él se deriva– pretende revalorar al hombre en el marco más general de su finitud y de su necesaria conformidad con la ley natural; de esta manera se busca recuperar ambas raíces y pilares que han definido a la cultura occidental. (shrink)

Background Physicians play a fundamental role in the care of patients at the end of life that includes knowing how to accompany patients, alleviate their suffering and inform them about their situation. However, in reality, doctors are part of this society that is reticent to face death and lack the proper education to manage it in their clinical practice. The objective of this study was to explore the residents’ concepts of death and related aspects, their reactions and actions in situations (...) pertaining to death in their practice, and their perceptions about existing and necessary training conditions. Methods A qualitative approach was used to examine these points in depth based on interviews conducted with seven oncology residents. Results Participants do not have a clear concept of death and, although it is seen as a common phenomenon, they consider it an enemy to beat. The situations to which respondents react more frequently with frustration and sadness after the death of patients were when they felt emotionally involved, if they identify with the patient, in cases of pediatric patients and with patients who refuse treatment. To deal with death, participants raise barriers and attempt to become insensitive. Although residents in this study recognize the importance of training to learn how to better deal with death, it seems they are not fully invested in reaching more of it. Conclusions Participants face death in a daily basis without the necessary training, which appears to impact them more than they are willing to accept. They do not achieve their goals managing situations regarding death as well as they assume they do. Despite recognizing the need of more training and support for better coping with death, they prefer to continue to learn from their experience. Trial registration Not applicable. (shrink)

Mesmo diante do violento processo de desterritorialização vivido pelas inúmeras comunidades africanas no contexto da dominação colonial europeia, práticas e saberes ancestrais foram ressignificados e reelaborados de forma a impregnar o tecido social das culturas negras das Américas. Nesta perspectiva, este artigo insere-se em um conjunto de reflexões que visam exaltar a importância da preservação de memórias afrodiaspóricas no Brasil. Para tanto, particulariza-se um território negro no município de São Paulo, o bairro da Casa Verde na zona norte da cidade. (...) Com base na História oral e na pesquisa de campo, o objetivo central da presente pesquisa é sugerir possíveis traduções acerca da presença e permanência de ancestralidades negro-africanas na urbe paulistana a partir das narrativas compartilhadas e dos trabalhos de memória de Lucinda de Oliveira Marcelino. A colaboradora/narradora é filha de uma das fundadoras da Irmandade de São Benedito da Casa Verde, inaugurada em 1941. O acesso às memórias reconstruídas de Dona Lucinda permitem sinalizar a presença de práticas ancestrais marcadas por cosmovisões herdadas e protagonizadas por mulheres. Tais concepções constroem identidades afirmadas que singularizam as experiências negras na metrópole, expressando valores civilizacionais e extraocidentais comunitários fundamentais à humanidade. Palavras-chave: Casa Verde; Protagonismos femininos; Irmandades negras; Práticas ancestrais; Territórios afrodiaspóricos. (shrink)

Russellian physicalism is becoming increasingly popular because it promises to deliver what everybody wants, realism and physicalism about consciousness. But Russellian physicalists are not the first to swear on “the promise”, standard Type-B physicalism is a less fanciful view that also claims to give everything and take nothing. In this paper, I argue that our hopes should not be placed on Russellian physicalism because, unlike Type-B physicalism, it cannot explain how phenomenal concepts can reveal the nature of phenomenal properties without (...) weakening its physicalist credentials. The revelation challenge shows that Russellian physicalism is either committed to an anti-realist and self-defeating view of phenomenal concepts or it is physically unacceptable. (shrink)

The meta-problem of consciousness is the problem of explaining why we think there is a hard problem of consciousness. The meta-problem promises to help us solve the hard problem. The Phenomenal Concept Strategy promises to solve both problems at once while allowing for a metaphysics of mind that avoids dualism, which is hard to defend, and illusionism which is hard to accept. I argue that the strategy fails to fulfil this promise. Standard accounts of the PCS cannot provide an adequate (...) response to the meta-problem because the cognitive isolation of phenomenal concepts is not the basis of our problem intuitions. (shrink)

The Principle of Context and the Principle of Compositionality only conflict when they are construed as claims about the origin of meanings. I will clarify this point by means of an historical survey into the treatment that PCtxt receives in Frege's Grundlagen and in Wittgenstein's Tractatus. I will argue that Frege actually introduces non-equivalent formulations of PCtxt generating an unstable notion of meaning when related with PCmp. The Tractatus solves this imbalance by assuming both the contextuality and the compositionality at (...) the very core of the notion of meaning, thus by ruling out the claim of two separated —sensitive to collision— principles. My thesis is that in the stage of development of the Tractatus, Wittgenstein found a way to meet and fit together the tensions between PCtxt and PCmp emerging in Frege´s philosophy of language and detected by latter commentators. (shrink)

Con frecuencia el avance y uso del conocimiento han sido relacionados como uno de los indicadores más importantes para el desarrollo económico y bienestar social de países y regiones. Sin embargo, independientemente de los factores teórico metodológicos que impulsan el desarrollo del conocimiento, el acceso a este activo intangible se encuentra limitado a diversas condiciones económicas, sociales, culturales e incluso del mismo conocimiento per se que cada individuo desarrolla dentro de la sociedad. El objetivo principal de este trabajo de investigación (...) consiste en realizar un análisis teórico desde una perspectiva sociológica de la ciencia y la tecnología, sobre el papel que desempeña la universidad pública en la democratización del conocimiento al interior de su comunidad y de la sociedad en general, señalando los principales avances y obstáculos que ésta presenta durante la difusión del mismo. (shrink)

As fronteiras são um tema conceitualmente polissêmico e um objeto multidisciplinar. Estudos que tratam desse tema são de grande valia para os campos da Geografia, Relações Internacionais, Direito, História, entre outros. Visando contribuir com esse debate, essa resenha apresenta uma visão do livro Formação das Fronteiras Latino-Americanas, que caracteriza-se como uma importante contribuição, com diversas questões diferenciadas na discussão realizada.

We consider a 2-valued non-deterministic connective \({\wedge \!\!\!\!\!\vee }\) defined by the table resulting from the entry-wise union of the tables of conjunction and disjunction. Being half conjunction and half disjunction we named it _platypus_. The value of \({\wedge \!\!\!\!\!\vee }\) is not completely determined by the input, contrasting with usual notion of Boolean connective. We call non-deterministic Boolean connective any connective based on multi-functions over the Boolean set. In this way, non-determinism allows for an extended notion of truth-functional connective. (...) Unexpectedly, this very simple connective and the logic it defines, illustrate various key advantages in working with generalized notions of semantics (by incorporating non-determinism), calculi (by allowing multiple-conclusion rules) and even of logic (moving from Tarskian to Scottian consequence relations). We show that the associated logic cannot be characterized by any finite set of finite matrices, whereas with non-determinism two values suffice. Furthermore, this logic is not finitely axiomatizable using single-conclusion rules, however we provide a very simple analytic multiple-conclusion axiomatization using only two rules. Finally, deciding the associated multiple-conclusion logic is \(\mathbf {coNP}\) -complete, but deciding its single-conclusion fragment is in \({\mathbf {P}}\). (shrink)

A partir de la revisión de bibliografía especializada y del análisis crítico-constructivo del trabajo de Dow (2013) que examina los anacronismos existentes en la recreación digital de la ciudad de Florencia en el videojuego Assassin’s Creed II (2009), el presente trabajo explora la capacidad que tienen este tipo de videojuegos para reconstruir la ambientación de un período histórico concreto a partir del uso de anacronismos derivados de licencias creativas y de las necesidades artísticas propias del videojuego. Los resultados demuestran que (...) el anacronismo es una herramienta que los desarrolladores de videojuegos históricos utilizan de forma intencionada para transmitir una imagen del pasado que resulte vigente y atractiva en la actualidad. Igualmente se evidencia la necesidad de una metodología propia dentro de los denominados Game Studies que aborde el videojuego como objeto de estudio artístico lejos del enfoque de líneas de investigación como los Historical Game Studies y otras disciplinas humanísticas. (shrink)

This book addresses some basic questions about intrinsic value: What is it? What has it? What justifies our beliefs about it? In the first six chapters the author defends the existence of a plurality of intrinsic goods, the thesis of organic unities, the view that some goods are 'higher' than others, and the view that intrinsic value can be explicated in terms of 'fitting' emotional attitudes. The final three chapters explore the justification of our beliefs about intrinsic value, including coherence (...) theories and the idea that some value beliefs are warranted on the basis of emotional experience. Professor Lemos defends the view that some value beliefs enjoy 'modest' a priori justification. The book is intended primarily for professional philosophers and their graduate students working in ethics, value theory and epistemology. (shrink)

We show that for an arbitrary logic being locally tabular is a strictly weaker property than being locally finite. We describe our hunt for a logic that allows us to separate the two properties, revealing weaker and weaker conditions under which they must coincide, and showing how they are intertwined. We single out several classes of logics where the two notions coincide, including logics that are determined by a finite set of finite matrices, selfextensional logics, algebraizable and equivalential logics. Furthermore, (...) we identify a closure property on models of a logic that, in the presence of local tabularity, is equivalent to local finiteness. (shrink)

This article briefly presents the relationship between philosophy and religion in the work of Paul Ricœur, demonstrating how he established a dialogue between both languages, both methodologies – that of philosophy and that of religion – in his philosophical and biblical hermeneutics. The article briefly recaps Ricœur’s personal and intellectual trajectory and the way he dealt with this double allegiance, showing the differences between biblical and philosophical hermeneutics but also their relation in Ricœur’s works.

This paper focuses on order-preserving logics defined from varieties of distributive lattices with negation, and in particular on the problem of whether these can be axiomatized by means Hilbert-style calculi that are finite. On the negative side, we provide a syntactic condition on the equational presentation of a variety that entails failure of finite axiomatizability for the corresponding logic. An application of this result is that the logic of all distributive lattices with negation is not finitely axiomatizable; we likewise establish (...) that the order-preserving logic of the variety of all Ockham algebras is also not finitely axiomatizable. On the positive side, we show that an arbitrary subvariety of semi-De Morgan algebras is axiomatized by a finite number of equations if and only if the corresponding order-preserving logic is axiomatized by a finite Hilbert-style calculus. This equivalence also holds for every subvariety of a Berman variety of Ockham algebras. We obtain, as a corollary, a new proof that the implication-free fragment of intuitionistic logic is finitely axiomatizable, as well as a new corresponding Hilbert-style calculus. Our proofs are constructive in that they allow us to effectively convert an equational presentation of a variety of algebras into a Hilbert-style calculus for the corresponding order-preserving logic, and vice versa. We also consider the assertional logics associated to the above-mentioned varieties, showing in particular that the assertional logics of finitely axiomatizable subvarieties of semi-De Morgan algebras are finitely axiomatizable as well. (shrink)

O texto mostra como a prática da filosofia com crianças pode mudar a trajetória pedagógica de um docente e tornar sua prática mais interessante para ele e para seus alunos. Mostra o movimento dessa prática na sala de aula ao longo de um ano de desenvolvimento de oficinas de filosofia com crianças de seis anos de idade.